GIS Files 2: Geographical data

2.6: The third dimension (1)

From 2-D to 3-D

Height information styles as shown on mapping

To understand a two-dimensional (2-D) representation of the real landscape you need a level of interpretation and imagination. The physical world exists in three dimensions and, unless you ignore those extruded plastic maps of the world with snow-capped lumps showing the main mountain ranges, the realm of conventional maps is uncompromisingly flat. The capability of GIS to produce dynamic and attractive three-dimensional (3-D) maps is one of its most exciting benefits.

Map makers use a range of visual symbols to show height information and create the illusion of an undulating surface:

Contours
Spot height symbols
Hill shading
Cliff and slope symbols
Viewpoint symbols

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