OS Net & GNSS

GPS is the United States’ Global Positioning System, the most familiar and widely adopted satellite navigation system. However, it is not the only Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) available.

GNSS encompasses not only GPS but also GLONASS (Russia), BeiDou (China) and the Galileo (Europe) satellite navigation systems.

GNSS based data collection is much faster than conventional surveying and mapping techniques. Using data from networks such as OS Net means a local base station is not necessary, reducing the equipment and staff.

Using GNSS can enable you to:

• Capture position and timing information relative to national and international reference systems.
• Make processes more efficient, reduce costs, time and resource.
• Be confident in the results.

Although originally designed as navigation systems, GNSS are used in a variety of applications.

Commercially they can be used as a navigation and positioning tool for machine control, surveying, construction, structural monitoring, aerial surveying and as a timing tool for mobile phones, banking transactions and even controlling electricity grids.

GNSS positioning can also be useful for outdoor activities such as walking, cycling and kayaking.

In the scientific community, GNSS plays an important role in earth sciences. For example, meteorologists use it for weather forecasting and global climate studies. Geologists can use it as a highly accurate method of surveying. It can be used to measure tectonic motions during and in between earthquakes.

Using a single receiver, without any additional corrections, a civilian user can achieve a positional accuracy equal to 5–10m 95% of the time, and a height accuracy of 15–20m 95% of the time.

Combined with data or corrections from a service such as OS Net, a positional accuracy of 1–2cm is achievable. (Depending on hardware and environmental factors.)

GNSS and Ordnance Survey (OS) maps use different Earth models and coordinate systems to represent positions.

For example, GPS uses the coordinate system WGS84 for position and height, whereas OS maps use the National Grid, which uses the coordinate system OSGB36 and Ordnance Datum Newlyn (sea level) for height.

There are differences between the two systems, but GNSS receivers can correct the difference using a transformation.

You will need to set your GNSS receiver's datum (the definition of the coordinate system used) to OSGB36 to correct the differences. These corrections will mean your GNSS features are represented in their true position on OS maps.

The OS transformation between WGS84/ETRS89 and OSGB36/ODN is OSTN15/OSGM15. It is available online and the software can be downloaded.

Developers can also look to use OSTN15/OSGM15 in their own software.

The Ordnance Survey OS Net^® network allows us to access to our national coordinate system in Great Britain.

The network consists of approximately 115 continuously operating GNSS receivers throughout Great Britain that stream GNSS data in real-time to a central server.

OS Net makes the accurate determination of national standard coordinates much easier and more efficient for users who require accurate positioning, compared to traditional (pre-GNSS) methods. It is now possible to determine precise ETRS89 coordinates (European Terrestrial Reference System – an accurate, stable realisation of WGS84 for Europe) for your GNSS control stations with a single GNSS receiver, without ever leaving the site.

These coordinates can be instantly and precisely transformed to OSGB36 National Grid and Ordnance Datum Newlyn height coordinates (or to a project-specific mapping grid if appropriate).

This technology supports an extensive range of mapping, engineering and environmental projects, which would simply not be possible otherwise. Some 200 of our surveyors use it to collect field data for the production of our various map datasets.

Although OS Net as a service is not available commercially, our partners use our network data to develop and provide a basket of real-time and post-process GNSS correction services to customers within a wide range of markets. They decide their own end-user pricing policies.

The OS Net coordinate system is ETRS89. OSGB36 National Grid and Ordnance Datum (OD) can be realised through a precise transformation and geoid model.

For detailed information about the OS Net coordinate system and others in use in GB see our publication:

A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain (PDF).

These are the three key positional services available via OS Net:

1. RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) GNSS gives accuracy at the few centimetre level in real-time.
2. DGNSS (Differential GNSS) gives sub-metre accuracy in real-time.
3. RINEX (Receiver INdependent EXchange Format) refers to data for post- process applications.

Yes. We provide resources for our legacy control data.

Yes. A free service for post-process applications will be maintained (using readings every 30 seconds) and this will continue to be available. Free RINEX data is available from OS Net stations.

Most people who are familiar with GPS have heard of the WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) coordinate system. This is a global coordinate system designed for use anywhere in the world.

WGS84 coordinates are usually expressed as latitude, longitude and ellipsoid height. WGS84 was designed for navigation applications, where the required accuracy is one metre or lower. A high-accuracy version of WGS84 known as ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System) has been created in a number of versions since 1989, and this is suitable for international high-accuracy applications (used mostly by geoscientists).

There is however a problem with trying to use a global coordinate system for land surveying in a particular country or region. The problem is that the continents are constantly in motion with respect to each other, at rates of up to 12cm per year.

In reality there are no fixed points on Earth. In common with the rest of Europe, Great Britain is in motion with respect to the WGS84 coordinate system at a rate of about 2.5cm per year. Over a decade, the WGS84 coordinates of any survey station in Britain change by a quarter of a metre due to this effect, which is unacceptable for precise survey purposes.

For this reason, the European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) is used as the standard precise GPS coordinate system throughout Europe. ETRS89 is based on ITRS (precise WGS84) but tied to the European continent. So it is steadily moving away from the WGS84 coordinate system.

In 2017, the difference between the ITRS coordinates of a point and the ETRS89 coordinates was about 70cm, and increasing by about 2.5 cm per year. The relationship between ITRS and ETRS89 is precisely defined at any point in time by a simple transformation published by the International Earth Rotation Service. This tool transforms between different ITRS and ETRS89 realisations.

The ETRS89 coordinate reference system is used as a standard for precise GPS surveying throughout Europe. Using ETRS89 you can ignore the effects of continental motion to a high degree of accuracy. The ETRS89 coordinates of a survey station stay fixed as long as there is no local movement of the survey station. ETRS89 has been officially adopted as a standard coordinate system for precise GPS surveying by most national mapping agencies in Europe.

More technical information about ETRS89 in GB can be found in our guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain (PDF).

Previously, there was a lack of precisely coordinated and monitored GPS reference stations in Great Britain, and it could be expensive to buy their coordinates. This led to many surveyors using OSGB36 triangulation stations as GPS control points and obtaining GPS (WGS84) coordinates of these stations by transforming the OSGB36 archive coordinates.

Now we make free RINEX data available from the OS Net network of permanent GNSS stations.

We do so because we are committed to encouraging best practice in GNSS surveying throughout Great Britain.

It is poor survey practice to use an OSGB36 triangulation point as a GNSS control station because:

• A triangulation station does not have accurate GNSS coordinates. All GNSS surveys should be based on control stations with accurate and recent ETRS89 coordinates. No such coordinates exist for OSGB36 triangulation stations.
• A triangulation station is not maintained or monitored by Ordnance Survey (OS) for geodetic purposes. OS does not give any guarantees of the accuracy of archive OSGB36 coordinates, neither does it monitor the stability of OSGB36 monuments.
• Most OSGB36 coordinates were determined before 1950, and the system has never been overhauled. The OSGB36 framework contains significant scale and orientation errors in a complex pattern, which can amount to 20m relative errors over long distances. Why degrade and distort your high-precision GNSS methods by using an outdated control framework?

For these reasons, only low-accuracy GPS coordinates (WGS84 coordinates) can be obtained from triangulation monuments. Although your GNSS survey may have good internal consistency, it will not be consistent with other GNSS surveys in adjoining areas. This effectively throws away one of the big advantages of GNSS surveying, which is the ability to achieve both high relative accuracy and high absolute accuracy at little or no additional cost.

All GNSS surveys should be based on accurate recent coordinates. Based on the ETRS89 coordinate system read from regularly monitored, stable geodetic monuments.

OS Net stations are ideal for this. These are continuously monitored on a daily basis and have ETRS89 coordinates with (typically) 5mm horizontal accuracy. They are also free to use.

Using the OS Net reference stations, ETRS89 coordinates of your own primary survey stations, and hence of all your surveyed points, can be established using usual GNSS surveying methods.

ETRS89 is the European standard precise GNSS coordinate system, so your GNSS survey will be consistent with thousands of other independent surveys throughout Europe. It will also be tied into the most accurate geodetic models of the whole Earth. This is what we mean by absolute accuracy, and it has important practical benefits in terms of consistency and compatibility between datasets.

We recommend that you archive your survey coordinates in the form of ETRS89 latitude, longitude and ellipsoid height. If you need to convert these coordinates to British National Grid eastings and northings, this can be done to high precision using the Ordnance Survey National Grid transformation OSTN15.

If you need to use a job-specific local mapping grid, you can do this in your usual software by defining appropriate map projection parameters. However, we recommend that you retain the archive of ETRS89 geodetic coordinates, so you can go back to them if required.

If you need orthometric heights (mean sea level heights) of your survey stations, these are obtained using the Ordnance Survey national geoid model OSGM15.

National Grid transformation OSTN15 converts ETRS89 GNSS coordinates to British National Grid coordinates, and vice versa.

It is a complex transformation as the parameters it applies vary in a complex way depending on your location in Great Britain. ETRS89 (from OS Net) + OSTN15 = true National Grid.

In discussing the accuracy of OSTN15, it's very important to understand exactly what we mean. The reason the OSTN15 transformation is needed is because the archived triangulation OSGB36, on which the National Grid is based, contains a complex pattern of distortions.

While it's true that two adjacent OSGB36 triangulation stations are usually in agreement with each other to within a few centimetres, if we compare two triangulation stations 10km apart by measuring a precise GNSS vector, we will typically find an error of several decimetres in their relative archive coordinates.

If the two stations are 100 km apart, the relative error between them might be four metres. If the stations are at opposite ends of the country, we will find a twenty metre relative error between the two, based on their archive OSGB36 coordinates.

The OSTN15 transformation precisely models these distortions in OSGB36. So converting a precise GNSS survey to National Grid coordinates will always degrade its relative accuracy. A rule of thumb guide to the maximum magnitude of this distortion is 4 centimetres per kilometre. If this distortion is unacceptable for your application, do not use National Grid coordinates. Instead work in ETRS89 coordinates which have a greatly superior reference framework quality (less than 5 millimetres relative distortion across the whole of Great Britain).

National Grid coordinates should be used when the requirement of the survey is compatible with OS mapping. The positional accuracy of our large-scale mapping depends on the scale of mapping: the most accurate is at 1:1250 scale.

Detail features on this mapping are positioned to 0.5m accuracy (1 standard error) relative to the OSGB36 framework. Therefore, the transformation we use to convert GPS coordinates to National Grid coordinates must accomplish this conversion to better than half a metre accuracy.

The National Grid transformation OSTN15 defines the National Grid and models the old OSGB36 triangulation station framework to an accuracy of 0.1m (1 standard error). This means it is five times more accurate than the most accurate OS mapping, relative to the OSGB36 framework. It is therefore more than sufficient for all survey tasks where the requirement is to achieve compatibility with OS mapping.

Yes. Our services allow you to compute high-accuracy orthometric heights (mean sea level heights) relative to the Ordnance Survey (OS) height datum without visiting any OS bench marks, and without knowing in advance the orthometric heights of the control stations you use.

Ordnance Datum Newlyn (ODN) is the usual definition of mean sea level on the British mainland and some islands.

Any survey station with precise ETRS89 GNSS coordinates determined using the OS Net Network can be used as a height bench mark by obtaining the equivalent orthometric height from the OS national geoid model OSGM15.

Use several stations on the same site and level between them to check the consistency of the orthometric heights. There is no need to occupy traditional OS bench marks by GNSS, unless you have a specific requirement to check the relationship between your GNSS survey and existing bench marks in the area (for example, if you have based previous height surveys on those bench marks and you need the new survey to fit exactly with the old).

However, be aware that obtaining precise heights by GNSS is more difficult than obtaining horizontal coordinates. We recommend the use of IGS (International GNSS Service) precise satellite orbits (ephemerides). These are available from the IGS website.

Mixing antenna types can affect the height accuracy of GNSS surveys. It is important to tell your software the antenna phase centre offsets to apply. The main practical implication is that GNSS observation times must be longer to obtain precise heights than would be used for ordinary surveys. It is possible to obtain a GNSS height with an accuracy of 2cm (1 standard error) using the OS Net stations, by recording four hours of continuous GNSS observations at a primary survey station. Shorter observation times will generally produce less accurate results. In many cases, this will be more cost-effective than running levelling loops through a series of OS bench marks to establish Newlyn heights of your stations.

With the GNSS method, you can obtain the height of the station as it is today. Few OS bench marks have been checked more recently than the 1960s, so it is possible that their archive heights may in incorrect.

OSGM15 has an accuracy of 8mm rms (1 standard error) for mainland Britain and better than 3cm rms for other areas. This is a measure of the absolute accuracy or possible error introduced by the model.

However, because the parameters which comprise the model change gradually, the relative error introduced by the model within a 10km extent would at most be just a few millimetres. This is a similar or better error profile to that obtained by high-quality national levelling, with the advantage that you do not have to rely on bench marks that may have last been heighted fifty years ago.

For the best accuracy – particularly in height – yes. Modelling the correct antenna phase centre offsets becomes important when using mixed antenna types. OS Net Network contains a mix of antenna types.

RINEX stands for Receiver INdependent EXchange and is a globally accepted standard format for GNSS data.

Most GNSS processing software will read in RINEX data as well as the manufacturer's proprietary binary format. This allows data from different manufacturer's receivers to be processed together, which can be very difficult if data in only the proprietary binary format is available. Most GNSS receiver manufacturers should also supply a conversion utility to convert their binary format files to RINEX files.

All GNSS data from the OS Net stations is supplied in RINEX format to ensure maximum compatibility with all the different GNSS processing software that users may have.

There is a naming convention for RINEX files:

• Filename = nnnndddf.yyt.
• Where nnnn = four character station identifier.
• ddd = three digit day of year number (including leading zeros if necessary).
• f = observation "session" within the day – a digit or character to uniquely identify the session of observations at that station on that day. Hourly sessions are usually identified by letters a to x. Session a is 00:00-01:00 (GPS time), session b is 01:00-02:00, and so on until session x which is 23:00-24:00. By convention 0 (zero) is used to identify a 24 hour session.
• yy = two digit year number (including leading zeros if necessary).
• t = file type identifier – o = observations.
• n = satellite positions ("n" for GPS navigation data, g for GLONASS navigation data).

For example, filename LEED076a.16o is from the OS Net station LEED (located at Leeds), on day 76 of the year 2016 (16th of March 2016). It is the first hourly file (session "a" so from 00:00 to 01:00) from LEED on that day and it contains observation data.

RINEX is text format and the files can be viewed with any basic text viewing software. There is always a header block containing information such as station name, antenna type and time of observations. One of the records in the header is APPROX POSITION XYZ, which usually contains the approximate position (to around 10m) in WGS84 of the antenna.

Ordnance Survey (OS) uses this field to store the actual precise position of the antenna in the ETRS89 datum. A comment is added to the header stating that the coordinates are no longer approximate. In this way users can be sure that the very latest coordinates for an OS Active GPS Network station can always be found in the RINEX observation file header.

The positional quality of every OS Net station is monitored constantly in real-time by the OS Net software.

The real-time computed coordinates are constantly compared with the station’s accepted ETRS89 coordinates (which are based on at least two weeks of data) and the differences in East, North and up directions are computed.

Alarm thresholds are set in the software so that if a station's real-time coordinates significantly differ from the accepted coordinates, an alarm message is sent to the software operators. In this case, the station would be immediately removed from the network and the reason for the movement investigated.

You must first determine if you require a conversion or a transformation. That is, if you will need to change coordinate systems.

• Transformation – if you have GNSS derived coordinates (based on the WGS84 or ETRS89 coordinate system) and require OS National Grid coordinates (OSGB36 coordinate system) or vice versa.
• Conversion – if you wish to stay in the same coordinate system and simply express coordinates in a different format. For example, changing the format of your OSGB36 National Grid eastings and northings to latitudes and longitudes (still in OSGB36) or changing from GNSS derived Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) XYZ cartesian coordinates in WGS84 to latitude, longitude and ellipsoidal height (still in WGS84).

Our coordinate calculations spreadsheet lets you make these conversions.

For more information on datums and coordinate systems and the formulae to carry out coordinate conversions and some simple transformations, see our guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain (PDF).

Prior to August 26th 2016 the OS Net coordinates were based on a ratified (by the IAG subcommission "EUREF") official realisation of ETRS89 in GB known as "EUREF GB 2001". This set of OS Net coordinates is now known as "OS Net v2001". The "parent" ITRF of OS Net v2001 was ITRF97 at epoch 2001.553.

In 2009 a new EUREF campaign was ratified as an official realisation of ETRS89. The new campaign was required due to the loss of many EUREF GB 2001 stations. These stations were replaced by a new subset of the OS Net network known as "GeoNet" consisting of 12 "zero order" geodetic stations.

Ordnance Survey, Ordnance Survey Ireland and Land & Property Services Northern Ireland collaborated on the campaign to produce a homogenous realisation of ETRS89 for the whole region. The campaign was ratified as "EUREF IE/UK 2009" and in GB the parent ITRF is ITRF97 at epoch 2009.756. OS Net coordinates related to this ETRS89 realisation are known as "OS Net v2009".

Between 2009 and 2016 other work took place to improve the OSGM geoid model related to the OS Net v2009. When the OS Net network was complete the opportunity was taken to compute coordinates relative to EUREF IE/UK 2009 as a single figure for the first time. All this work was complete in 2016 and the new coordinates (and transformation models) went live on 26th August 2016.

Improvements in the coordinates and especially ellipsoidal heights of OS Net stations for the realisation of the ETRS89 system required a revision of the OSGM model. Also improved gravity data (since OSGM02) has enabled a more accurate model to be computed.

The fitting of OSGM02 to local datums in the Scottish islands (e.g. Outer Hebrides) was not optimal – this has been improved in OSGM15.

The OSTN15 transformation grid has been updated to take into account a slight change in the realisation of ETRS89 in GB.

If you have coordinates in OSGB36 which were transformed using the previous transformation (OSTN02/OSGM02) and wish to relate them to coordinates transformed using the new transformation (OSTN15/OSGM15) they should first be back-transformed into ETRS89 using OSTN02/OSGM02 and then forward transformed again into OSGB36 using the new transformation OSTN15/OSGM15.

Users who have archived their coordinates in ETRS89 will not have to back transform to relate old and new datasets. The archive coordinates can be simply transformed again using the new OSTN15/OSGM15 transformation models.

Our co-ordinate calculations spreadsheet contains many utility functions for working with coordinates including azimuth calculations, calculating convergence, projection functions and t-T correction.

Our coordinate calculations spreadsheet contains many utility programs for working with coordinates including azimuth calculations, calculating convergence, projection functions and t-T correction.

Our coordinate calculations spreadsheet contains many utility programs for working with coordinates including azimuth calculations, calculating convergence, projection functions and t-T correction.

Our coordinate calculations spreadsheet contains many utility programs for working with coordinates including azimuth calculations, calculating convergence, projection functions and t-T correction.

The Information and Service System for European Coordinate Reference Systems website can help.